Abstract
The
aim of this study is focusing on silat techniques that occur during matches in
Silat Olahraga male class C competition in 28th SEA Games 2015. Four
matches were notated that are men’s quarterfinals Class C 60kg (Laos vs
Philippines), men’s quarterfinals Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Singapore), men’s
final Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Thailand) and men’s semi-final Class C 60kg
(Vietnam vs Laos). This study focusing on specific skills uses by both players
during games that are kick, punch, topple and sweep. Therefore, a total of 13
performance indicators were selected as the variables order to make sure that
the skills produced during flight time were notated.
Introduction
Silat
is a term used to describe the martial arts forms practiced throughout the
Malay Archipelago. It is traditionally practiced in Malaysia, Southern
Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei and Philippines. Silat is a combative art
of Malay fighting arts. Aziz, Tan, and Teh (2002) stated that pencak silat is
divide by two categories which are silat olahraga and silat seni (contact and
artistic). Olahraga means the ability for silat exponents to perform their
silat techniques in combat with striking and defensive actions such as
punching, kicking, throwing, catching, parrying blocking and the other skill
related to the silat techniques (Shapie, M. N. M. and Elias, 2016).
In
silat olahraga, the basic commands are existed, target area to
attack the opponent, time for each match and the scoring point for each of the
area that attacked. Those are the standardized rules in silat olahraga. For the
basic commands, the ‘wasit’ which is referee will said the command 'Sedia',
meaning 'ready'. Then, he will shout 'Mulai', meaning 'begin'. Immediately the
'gong' will be struck. When the wasit wants to stop the fight, he will shout
'Berhenti', meaning 'stop'.
During
fighting, fighters are allowed to attack any parts of body but they do not
allowed to attack groin and the neck above. No elbowing or knee
strikes are allowed. If one hits the body padding or the opponent's back, fighter
get 1 point. A punch also scores 1 point and a kick will score 2
points. Then, a takedown will earn 3 points. A takedown is when the opponent
falls regardless what technique the exponent use to take the opponent down. If
the fighters use the combination of silat techniques such as block and
counterattack with punch in, he will earn more point. Fighters
will be trying to perform as good as possible to achieve the highest score and
a better performance. As an athlete who competed in the competition, the
situation is influenced by various factors such as physical, technical,
tactical and psychological (Latifah, Rusdiana, Ugelta, Budiman, & Karmini,
2017).
In
a conclusion, performance indicator is a type of performance measurement.
Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analysing and reporting
information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization,
system or component. Therefore, the objective of this study is to find out the
silat techniques performed by the fighters during matches in Silat Olahraga
male class C competition in 28th SEA Games 2015.
Materials and method
The
data will be analyzed based on the videos Pencak Silat Tanding matches Men’s
Semi-final Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Laos), Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg
(Vietnam vs Singapore), Men’s Final Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Thailand) and Men’s
Quarterfinals Class C 60kg (Laos vs Philippines). Besides that the video will
be repeated and play in slow motion to identify the action or skills made by
exponents to get the accurate analyses (Shapie, M. M., Oliver, O’Donoghue,
& Tong, 2013). Four skills which are punching, kicking, toppling and
sweeping are highlighted during notating process. Then, all the skills were categorized
into three indicators that are hit target, miss opponent and hit
elsewhere.
Motion categories
Silat
exponent’s motions were coded into 13 categories and were defined as follows:
i.
Punch:
The punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done
by a hand with closed fist hitting the target. In silat, punching is often used
to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut
‘sauk’ to exponent body’s (Anuar, 1992).
ii.
Kick:
The kick ‘tendang’ or ‘terajang’ is
an ataacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs
simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick
‘tendang depan’, side kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘ tendang
lengkar’(Anuar, 1992).
iii.
Block:
The blocking movements begin with
the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent stands straight with his
hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’
can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose to block off or
striking back at any attck (Anuar, 1992).
iv.
Catch:
The catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by
using the hand to obstruct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat
exponent is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack
which he has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the
opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which could break the part which is being
held such as the leg and waist is also forbidden. These regulations exit to
protect the silat exponent’s (Anuar, 1992).
v.
Topple:
There are various ways of toppling
down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push,
shove the opponent’s back leg from the bad or from the side, shove, hit, kick,
strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every falls is
considered valid as long as the sila exponent topples his opponent down without
wresting or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down
(Anuar, 1992).
vi.
Sweep:
Swiping ‘sapuan’ involves attacking
an opponent’s leg which is on the ground to unstable him and brings down to the
ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking movement either with his
right or left leg. Hence, front sweep ‘sapuan depan’ is done by swinging the
leg to the front to push an opponent’s leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’
is carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit the back leg (Anuar, 1992).
vii.
Evade/Dodge:
The evade ‘elakan’ technique is
carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique
does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending off the
attack. They are many ways of carrying out his defensive movement such as
dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending
‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’ ducking ‘susup’ and etc. (Anuar, 1992).
viii.
Self-Release:
Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’ technique
is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent (Anuar, 1993).
ix.
Block and Punch:
The blocking technique is used to
block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack
using the leg to kick the opponent (Shapie, Oliver, O’Donoghue, & Tong,
2013).
x.
Block and Kick:
The blocking technique is used to
block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack
using sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).
xi.
Block and Sweep:
The blocking technique is used to
block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack
using sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).
xii.
Fake Punch:
An
action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch
to break his opponent’s defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013).
xiii.
Fake Kick:
An action which a silat exponent
intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent
defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013).
Statistical
analysis
The
observation generated data will be frequency counted. Mean and standard
deviation (SD) for all the marker has been computed to locate the measurable
factors that separated winning and losing group. Statistical analysis was
conducted by using statistical package for social scientist (SPSS).
Results
Tables
below showed the result of this study. First table all 14 motion categories
that combine the winner and loser group in one match. Table two showed the specific
skills that exponents used such as blocking, kicking, punching and topple. For
the last table, it shows the mean and standard deviation for both groups. Hit
target, miss opponent and hit elsewhere are the outcomes that
will be used for the observation of the video matches.
The
first match is Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg, Vietnam (Red) vs Singapore
(Blue).
Actions
|
Outcome
Indicators
|
|||||
Vietnam
(Red)
|
Singapore
(Blue)
|
|||||
Hit
Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
Else
where
|
Hit
Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
Else where
|
|
Block
|
2
|
2
|
|
1
|
2
|
|
Block & Kick
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block &Punch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block &
Sweep
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Kick
|
5
|
3
|
1
|
4
|
10
|
3
|
Fake Kick
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Punch
|
1
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
Fake Punch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Catch
|
2
|
1
|
|
5
|
1
|
|
Dodge
|
2
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Topple
|
1
|
1
|
|
2
|
2
|
|
Sweep
|
5
|
1
|
|
3
|
1
|
|
Self-Release
|
3
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Others
|
17
|
17
|
||||
Total
|
24
|
8
|
1
|
19
|
19
|
3
|
Frequency
Table:
Exponent
|
Punch
|
Kick
|
Topple
|
Sweep
|
Total
|
Vietnam
(Red)
|
1
|
9
|
2
|
6
|
18
|
Singapore
(Blue)
|
3
|
17
|
4
|
4
|
28
|
Statistics
|
The
second match is Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg, Laos (Red) vs Philippines
(Blue).
Actions
|
Outcome
Indicators
|
|||||
Laos
(Red)
|
Philippines
(Blue)
|
|||||
Hit
Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
Else
where
|
Hit
Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
Else
where
|
|
Block
|
4
|
1
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
2
|
Block & Kick
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block & Punch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block & Sweep
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kick
|
6
|
4
|
8
|
6
|
1
|
10
|
Fake Kick
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Punch
|
6
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
Fake Punch
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Catch
|
9
|
3
|
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
Dodge
|
2
|
|
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
Topple
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
Sweep
|
|
2
|
2
|
|
1
|
1
|
Self-Release
|
|
1
|
|
1
|
2
|
|
Others
|
17
|
17
|
||||
Total
|
50
|
14
|
17
|
35
|
20
|
25
|
Exponent
|
Punch
|
Kick
|
Topple
|
Sweep
|
Total
|
Laos (Red)
|
9
|
18
|
6
|
4
|
37
|
Philippines (Blue)
|
6
|
17
|
4
|
2
|
29
|
Statistics
|
The third match is Men’s Semi-final Class C 60kg, Vietnam (Blue) vs Laos (Red).
Actions
|
Outcome
Indicators
|
|||||
Laos
(Red)
|
Vietnam
(Blue)
|
|||||
Hit
Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
Else
where
|
Hit
Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
Else where
|
|
Block
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block & Kick
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
Block & Punch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block & Sweep
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kick
|
4
|
7
|
12
|
8
|
1
|
3
|
Fake Kick
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Punch
|
5
|
4
|
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
Fake Punch
|
5
|
4
|
|
2
|
|
|
Catch
|
3
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Dodge
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Topple
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
|
|
Sweep
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
|
Self-Release
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others
|
17
|
17
|
||||
Total
|
40
|
17
|
13
|
40
|
8
|
5
|
Exponent
|
Punch
|
Kick
|
Topple
|
Sweep
|
Total
|
Laos (Red)
|
9
|
21
|
4
|
3
|
37
|
Vietnam (Blue)
|
8
|
12
|
4
|
5
|
29
|
Statistics
|
The fourth match is Men’s
Final Class C 60kg, Vietnam (Red) vs Thailand (Blue).
Actions
|
Outcome
Indicators
|
|||||
Vietnam
(Red)
|
Thailand
(Blue)
|
|||||
Hit Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit Else where
|
Hit Target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit Else
where
|
|
Block
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block & Kick
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block & Punch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block & Sweep
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kick
|
7
|
5
|
3
|
6
|
2
|
3
|
Fake Kick
|
1
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
Punch
|
8
|
|
2
|
7
|
|
4
|
Fake Punch
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Catch
|
1
|
2
|
|
2
|
|
|
Dodge
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Topple
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
|
3
|
Sweep
|
|
5
|
1
|
|
3
|
|
Self-Release
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others
|
13
|
13
|
||||
Total
|
33
|
14
|
6
|
31
|
5
|
10
|
Statistics
|
Discussion
According
to the result shown, Vietnam has won two times when facing with Singapore in
quarterfinals and Laos in semifinal, meanwhile quarterfinals between Laos and
Philippines won by Laos. At final, Thailand won after Vietnam had been
disqualified during match.
Based
on the data on first match, Vietnam vs Singapore, both fighters were preferred
to use kicking skill rather than punching. But, Singapore missed kicked more
than hit target, while Vietnam hit target whenever the exponent produces
movement. Also, Vietnam used sweep skill when fighting that gain more point to
Vietnam. Furthermore, Singapore do lot of mistakes and most of the attacked
were missed that cause less point earned. Thus, competitor must wise to make
strategy plan and technique during match (Wahab, 1989).
In
second match Laos vs Philippines, Laos won the game. From the observation, both
fighters are aggressively attacked each other. Variety of silat skills were
performed by both parties. Laos win the game because most of the attacked hit
the target that cause Laos to earn more points than Philippines. The frequency
of punch is 9, kick is 18, topple is 6 and sweep is 4. This shows that
Philippines defensive is weak because the fighter unable to block the attacked
from Laos especially punches.
Next,
third match Vietnam vs Laos, Laos lose the match. What can I observed from this
match is Vietnam do more attacking than Laos resulting Vietnam win the game.
Vietnam kicking is more accurate because most of the kick hit the target
meanwhile, Laos lost the accuracy because 12 kick are hit elsewhere and 7 miss
opponent. Sweep skill by Vietnam also good because out of 5, 3 are successful
sweep. This shows that the reaction time of Laos is quite slow during the
match.
Last
match Vietnam vs Thailand, won by Thailand. during this match, Vietnam is more
actively attacked Thailand but Vietnam disqualified. Thailand was more calmly
while fighting and has a good defensive skill by able to block successfully
from Vietnam. Thailand has a speed and accuracy because most of the attacked
hit the target and Vietnam unable to block and defend itself. Thus, it
resulting more points earned by Thailand.
For
overall videos notated fighters mostly uses kicking and punching to get more
points during matches. To win, the fighter must have a good strength and
endurance, expertise in all possible silat skills and able to manipulate the
opponents by confusing and attacking them at the same time. Speed, accuracy and
good reaction time are the advantages to those who owned it. A good fighter must have a tactics, know how
and when to defense and attacked in order to win. Competitor must wise to make
strategy plan and technique during match (Wahab, 1989).
Conclusion
The
conclusion of this study is fighters that attacked by using variety of skill
can collect more points thus, have a big opportunity to win. Kicking and
punching are desirable choices that most of the ‘pesilat’ use during match. However,
fighters need to improve their accuracy when attacking especially when kicking.
Reaction times also need to be improves in order to be good during defensing.
Not to forget, fitness level such as muscular strength, cardiovascular
endurance, power, agility, speeds are important factors to enhance their
performance level. The less mistakes they make, the better result they will
get.
As
for recommendation, it is good if fighters are aware about the importance of
reaction time and speed of movement in the training. It is also recommended for
future studies to find out the needed of sweep and topple influencing winning
and losing.
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